History of Reading in the Royal County of Berkshire
by David Nash Ford

R E A D I N G

Biscuits, Bulbs & Beer

Traditionally accepted as being Saxon for "(Place of) Readda's People", the name may be Celtic Rhydd-Inge or "Ford over the River" which fits the town's topography rather well. The river would, of course, be the Kennet, not the Thames. Tradition says St. Birinus founded a small chapel on the site of St. Mary's church in the 7th century. In 979, Queen Ælfredda transformed it into a royal nunnery, in repentance for murdering her step-son, St. Edward, King & Martyr. It was later destroyed by the Danes in 1016, but, with four of her nuns, the Queen appears on Reading's Coat of Arms. At some time St. Mary's became a Saxon Minster, hence nearby Minster Street. The top of this lane was once called Tothill, indicating a Saxon lookout point. Another interesting street-name is the Butts where the townsfolk would have practiced their archery (especially after an act of Edward IV enforcing them to do so on Holy Days). The town had a minor Saxon mint during Edward the Confessor's reign, when Corff and Brihtric the Moneyers lived there. Royal Reading mints re-emerged in the reigns of King Stephen, Henry II, Richard I, King John & Edward III.

Reading Abbey was founded by King Henry I in 1121 as a private mausoleum for his family. It was built on the site of the Danish stronghold set up during the Viking Wars of King Alfred's reign (871). They used it as their countrywide invasion headquarters, and the King besieged them there several times. At the time of the Civil War between Henry's daughter, the Empress Matilda and her cousin, King Stephen, the Abbey was still being built. The latter apparently constructed a motte and bailey castle in its grounds, possibly to harrass Wallingford, though this was a little distant. It was destroyed by the Empress' son (later Henry II) in 1153. The remains of the motte can still be seen in the Forbury Gardens (which take their name from the Castle: the Fore-Borough). The Abbey was finally completed in 1164, forty-three years later. It was consecrated by the Archbishop of Canterbury, (Saint-to-be) Thomas A'Beckett.

It was while staying at the Abbey, the previous year, that Henry II had witnessed the trial by combat of Henry De Essex and Robert De Montfort on De Monfort Island in the Thames. Essex had been accused by Montfort of treachery and cowardice, and the two fought a long hard battle until Montfort was victorious and Essex found guilty. The latter was thought to be dead and was taken to the Abbey where he recovered, revealing his defeat had been due to his being blinded by a vision of St. Edmund. He remained a Reading monk for the rest of his life. It was also at Reading Abbey, in 1185, that the Patriach of Jerusalem offered Henry II the crown of his city, if he would defend it against the infidels. The King declined. On three occasions, the Papal Legate summoned ecclesiastical councils at the Abbey, and parliament also met there, notably in 1453. The House of Commons met in the Chapter House and the Lords in the Refrectory, often when they were pushed out of London by the threat of plague. There were Royal occasions at the Abbey too.

The following were married at Reading Abbey:

• Prince Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence, son of King Edward III m.9th Sept 1342 to Elizabeth daughter & heiress of William De Burgh, Earl of Ulster. They had officially been married in the Tower a month earlier in a very rushed ceremony.
• Prince John of Gaunt, Earl of Richmond, later Duke of Lancaster & King of Castile & Leon, son of King Edward III m.13th May 1359 to Blanche daughter & heiress of Henry, Duke of Lancaster. (The ensuing festivities lasted for fourteen days!)
• Princess Margaret, daughter of King Edward III m.19th May 1359 to John Hastings, Earl of Pembroke
• Princess Philippa, daughter of Prince Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence & Earl of Ulster m.Feb 1359 to Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March
• King Edward IV m.1st May 1464 in secret at Grafton Regis (Northants) to Elizabeth, widow of John Grey, Baron Grey of Groby & daughter of Richard Woodville, Earl Rivers. The marriage was publically announced to the World at Reading Abbey on 29th Sept 1464.

The following are buried at Reading Abbey:

• King Henry I of England, d.1135, (bowels, brains, heart, eyes & tongue at Rouen). He was buried (traditionally in a silver coffin) before the High Altar. A small plaque is affixed near to the place of his burial & an early twentieth century memorial stands in the Forbury Gardens nearby.
• Queens Matilda & Adeliza, wives of the above, were supposedly buried here. (Though generally the former is thought to have been buried in Westminster Abbey & the latter at Afflighem in Flanders).
• Empress Maud of the Holy Roman Empire, Countess of Anjou & sometime Queen of England, daughter of King Henry I, (probably only part of her. Her major burial was originally in Bec Abbey and later removed to Rouen Cathedral). Camden recorded her latin epitaph as "Great at her Birth, Greater than any Man, but Greatest at her Death: Here lies a wife & parent, the daughter of Henry."
• Prince William, Count of Poitiers, d.1156, aged two, eldest son of King Henry II, lies at the feet of King Henry I.
• Princess Constance of York, d.1416, wife of Thomas Le Despencer, Earl of Gloucester & daughter of Prince Edmund Langley, Duke of York. She lies before the High Altar.
• Prince John of Cornwall, d.1233, son of Prince Richard, Earl of Cornwall & Holy Roman Emperor
• Princess Isabella of Cornwall, d.1234, daughter of Prince Richard, Earl of Cornwall & Holy Roman Emperor
• Reginald, Earl of Cornwall, illegitimate son of King Henry I by Sybil Corbet, d.1175.
• Anne, Countess of Warwick, daughter of Henry Beauchamp, Earlof Warwick, who lived at both Warwick & Caversham Castles. Anne died aged six at the Palace of Ewelme (Oxon) where she was in the care of her step-great grandmother, Alice De La Pole, Duchess of Suffolk.

Reading was where the oldest recorded British song, Sumer is icumen in, was written, but its major claim to fame was as one of the great pilgrimage centres of medieval England. It had been given the Hand of St. James by King Henry I (found blocked up in the ruins two hundred years ago and now in Marlow Roman Catholic Church (Bucks)) & the Head of St. Philip by King John. It also held some 232 other relics.

There is an old story that King Henry VIII once locked up the Abbot of Reading in the Tower of London so he could win a bet made with him while in disguise. This is commemorated by a pair of ghosts who appear in the area. They are supposedly the King taking the Abbot to London. There are two horsemen, both stout huntsmen in Lincoln Green. One beckons on a cloaked companion. The horses' hooves make no sound. At the dissolution, despite their being good friends, the King had the Abbot hanged outside the Abbey Gate.

The Abbey's Inner Gateway is one of the few remnants of this once great house still standing today. It was the original home of the Abbey School and was attended by Jane Austin. There are some ruins of the Abbey's chapter house and associated features in the Forbury Gardens, where the largest lion in the World stands as a memorial to the Royal Berkshire Regiment killed at the Battle of Maiwand in the Afgan Wars. The other substantially intact Abbey building that remains today is the dormitory of the pilgrims' hospitium or guesthouse of St. John the Baptist. This stands beside the path through St. Laurence's churchyard. It later became the abode of the Royal Grammar School of Henry VII (now Reading School), Stables for Henry VIII's horses when the Abbot's House became his palace for a short time, the Barracks of Civil War Soldiers and, in 1892, the home of University College Reading (now the University of Reading: hence St. James' scallops on its arms).

Nearby can also be seen: window tracery removed from the St. Laurence's Parish Church after WW2 bomb-damage, a wooden memorial to a man killed in a whirlwind and the stone of a lost memorial brass ejected from the church when the money for its upkeep ran out! St. Laurence's was built by the Abbey monks for the worship of the people of Eastern Reading. Its north chancel housed the hospitium's Chapel of St. John, connected to the guesthouse by a private door and wooden cloister. The demolished south aisle was originally the Knollys Chantry and up till last century housed many of the family's hatchments. They lived at Caversham Park. A daughter of the house, Letitia, married one of the Vachells from Coley Park. They had a town-house known as Finch's Buildings (pulled down in the 60s), from the roof of which she is said to have watched a Civil War skirmish at Caversham. St. Laurence's has several ancient brasses, one a palimpsest. Numerous others have (like that in the churchyard) long since disappeared, notably that of the wealthy clothier, Henry Kelsall (1494), whose brass included a representation of the Jesus Bell which he had donated to the church the year prior to his death.

There is also a striking 17th century wall monument to John Blagrave. He was a well-known mathematician in his day, and Lord of the Manor of Southcote. Note the allegorical ladies around him: they represent various three-dimensional shapes. Blagrave's Piazza (1520) once adjoined the church's south side. It housed the borough stocks and ducking stool, and had a small lock-up at one end. This was the site of the Abbey's Compter Gate that adjoined the church and served as a prison both before and after the dissolution. The borough pillory was nearby in the centre of the market-place.

Now mostly covered over, the Abbey's millstream, the Holy Brook, once ran open through the streets of Reading. It is a natural brook which splits from the Kennet at Theale, only to rejoin it just behind the Reading Central Library (which stands on the site of the Abbey Stables) in Kings Road. It is behind this building that the Holy Brook emerges al fresco to be spanned by the original arch of the Abbey Mill. You can find glimpses of it elsewhere in the town though, notably beneath one of the town's newest shopping centres.

The Grey Friars of St. Francis of Assisi arrived in Reading in 1233, hoping to administer to the town's poor. The Abbot did not want a rival religious order in Reading but, being under Royal patronage, he was obliged to give them a small parcel of land. This was on the edge of town, on the way to Caversham Bridge. The land was too marshy though, and the friars complained to the Archbishop who, being a greyfriar himself, quickly intervened. The friars were relocated in what later became Friar Street. After the dissolution, their church was granted to the town as a Guild Hall, but it wasn't really suitable and the Guild moved out after only twenty years. It then became a hospital/workhouse/prison, before falling into disrepair. It was eventually rebuilt and reconsecrated as a church in 1863.

The Guild, meantime, had moved to the old refrectory of St. John's Hospitium. In Elizabeth I's reign, they built a proper Guild Hall at the end of what became Yield Hall Lane. This survived until the mid-nineteenth century. Nearby, was Minster Mill, both for corn and fulling in Elizabeth's time. It stood on the site of one of six domesday mills. The last mill, with huge water-tower, went out of business in 1897. It was a superb building, that would probably have been turned into flats these days, but it was pulled down four years later. Further along, in Minster Street, was the Oracle, a workhouse for poor clothiers established by the will of John Kendrick in 1624. John had made his money in the cloth business established by his father. His brother, William (monument in St. Mary's), later converted their house for the institution's use. The site, with a central courtyard through which the Holy Brook ran, covered some two acres and had an imposing Dutch-gabled entrance. Above its archway was a niche which probably housed a statue of the oracle himself, John Kendrick, the infallible guide (like that at Jesus Hospital, Bray). The massive wooden gates featured the founding date of 1628 and John's initials. They can still be seen in Reading Museum. Unfortunately, corruption sent the Oracle into rapid decline. It was used as troop barracks during the Civil War, but wasn't finally demolished until the mid-nineteenth century.

The Archbishop of Canterbury (1633+), William Laud, was born in Broad Street, approximately where WH Smiths now stands, in 1573. His father was one of Reading's many clothiers and he sent him to Reading School. The great Francis Walsingham, Secretary of State to Queen Elizabeth I, held numerous manors throughout the country including, apparently, Englefield. He also had a town house in Reading, on the corner of Broad and Minster Street. He entertained the Queen there and for many years a plaque on the outside of this rather elegant building recorded her stay. The Earl of Essex used it as his headquarters after the Siege of Reading. Unfortunately, Walsingham House, or Hounslow's Corner as it was later known, was pulled down in about 1905. Its replacement has been likened to a Carnegie Library. It is now an art gallery.

Reading was essentially for parliament during the Civil War, and was originally garrisoned, in 1642, by Henry Marten MP, Lord of Hinton Waldrist and several other North Berkshire Manors. However, with reports of approaching Cavaliers, he quickly abandoned the undefended town. The council had, in fact, been split and some welcomed the Royalist Army that arrived three days later. Reading became the largest Royalist garrison outside Oxford with three thousand soldiers to feed. The town was heavily taxed for this honour, and the council's finances crippled. By the time the parliamentarians decided to besiege Reading though, it was highly fortified. The Earl of Essex made siege to the town for some ten days in April 1643. The gunfire was fierce, but the Roundheads managed to discover plans for Royalist reinforcements from Oxford and headed them off. With no relief force the town's garrison was forced to surrender.

During the Siege of Reading, St. Giles' Church, in Southampton Street, had a gun emplacement on top of the tower. Its spire, not unnaturally, did not last very long. It was later replaced by a very elegant slender affair on an octagonal rotunda. The church was completely rebuilt in 1870. In the late 17th century, St. Giles' churchyard was where many of the dead from the Battle of Broad Street were buried. This was when Reading saw the only fighting of the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The people of England wished to rid themselves of the catholic King James II and had welcomed his protestant son-in-law as William III in his sted. As William marched up from the West Country, James held London but sent out an advance guard of several hundred Irish troops to intercept his son-in-law at Reading. The Readingensians were terrified of the catholic Irishmen who they believed would massacre them in their beds rather than give up the town. They managed to sent out messages to William at Hungerford warning of the catholic strategies. Thus, when his Dutch army arrived they easily routed the Irish. Pushing them back from their posts in Castle Street and St. Mary's Churchyard, the main body of men in the Market Place fled in the confusion.

The Sun Inn in Castle Street is the most fascinating of Reading's old pubs. It has a Norman archway which once led to a large underground hall. The place was probably an hostelry as far back as the 13th century. Five hundred years later it was a popular coaching inn. The undercroft could house up to fifty horses. It had already been home to prisoners awaiting execution from the gaol next door, and Napoleonic prisoners of war followed. Sadly this underground room collapsed in 1947 after being damaged by circus elephants tethered down there two years previously. The Oxford Arms in Silver Street also had penal connections. The Reading hangmen would stop here for a drink with their victims before they were led to Gallows Tree Common in Earley.

Reading has been home to numerous distinguished inhabitants. Anthony Addington was an 18th century doctor who lived in London Street (where the Bingo Hall is). His mental patients lived next door. He attended the infamous murder, in Henley, of Francis Blandy by his daughter, Mary; and later, through his friendship with the Pitts, he was appointed physician to the mad King George III, who recovered for a while under his watchful eye.

Before she moved to Grazeley in 1806, Mary Russell Mitford lived, with her parents, in the London Road, in the fine mansion opposite the end of Kendrick Road: a plaque on the wall records her residence. Mary was an author, famous, not only in Berkshire but throughout England and America, for writing such works as Our Village and Belford Regis. Her father was a hopeless gambler and poor Mary was obliged to write to keep the family together. The Reading house was even bought with the £20,000 winnings of an Irish lottery ticket which Dr. Mitford had bought for his daughter! Belford Regis was, in fact, a thinly disguised view of Reading itself, which has also featured elsewhere in great literature. Thomas Hardy called it Aldbrickham in Life's Little Ironies. Sam of The Son's Veto had a fruitier's shop in the town. Later, in Jude the Obscure, Reading (or Albrickham) appeared again as the home of Jude and Sue, and their monumental masonry business.

In the early 1840s, the Father of Photography, William Fox-Talbot, set up the first mass production photographic laboratory in Russell Terrace. Another plaque records this. He was producing the first book of photos, but the locals thought his assistants were forgers! William Penn, founder of Pennsylvania, had connections with Reading. He attended the classical-temple-looking church in London Street and his ghost was said to haunt the old London Street Bookshop next door. Another well-known resident was Oscar Wilde who was imprisoned in Reading Gaol for to years in 1895 for his social indiscretions. He never wrote again, save for his Ballad of Reading Gaol.

Joseph Huntley moved to Reading in 1811 and he and his son, Thomas, took on 72 London Street (another plaque), as a bakery, eleven years later. They cashed in on the coaching trade of the Crown Inn, opposite, by sending over freshly baked biscuits for travellers to buy. Another son, Joseph, set up an ironmongery and whitesmith's shop (later Huntley, Boorne & Stevens), and began making them fancy biscuit tins. George Palmer, the famous Reading benefactor, joined the bakery in 1841, and hence it became Huntley & Palmers, now World famous for their biscuits. Though the name is still used, the firm is now owned by United Biscuits who have, only recently, finally left the town.

Biscuits completed Reading's Three Bs. The others being Beer & Bulbs (plants not light-bulbs). William Blackall Simonds had founded the Simonds Brewery back in 1785. (Banking should perhaps have been the third B, for a cousin launched the Simonds Bank around the same time: The original brass plaque still clings to Barclays Bank). The original brewery was in Bridge Street. Seven Bridges House was Blackall Simonds' home, one of several houses in the town designed by John Soane. Its name indicates how wide the Kennet Bridge once was and how many streams the river split into. His business was famous for its hop leaf symbol until taken over by Courage in 1960. The new Courage Brewery, down by the M4, is now the largest in Europe. Sutton Seeds had arrived in 1807. Their fine building in the Market Place is now home to the NatWest Bank. Another great commodity for which Reading was famous in the Victorian Age was Reading Sauce. Very like Worcester Sauce, it was even more popular in its day. Sadly the demand gradually declined this century and the company eventually went bust.